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Acinetobacter baumannii
''Acinetobacter baumannii'' is a typically short, almost round, rod-shaped (coccobacillus) Gram-negative bacterium. It can be an opportunistic pathogen in humans, affecting people with compromised immune systems, and is becoming increasingly important as a hospital-derived (nosocomial) infection. It has also been isolated from environmental soil and water samples. Bacteria of this genus lack flagella, whip-like structures many bacteria use for locomotion, but exhibit twitching or swarming motility. This may be due to the activity of type IV pili, pole-like structures that can be extended and retracted. Motility in ''A. baumannii'' may also be due to the excretion of exopolysaccharide, creating a film of high-molecular-weight sugar chains behind the bacterium to move forward. Clinical microbiologists typically differentiate members of the ''Acinetobacter'' genus from other Moraxellaceae by performing an oxidase test, as ''Acinetobacter'' spp. are the only members of the Moraxellaceae to lack cytochrome c oxidases. ''A. baumannii'' is part of the ACB complex (''A. baumannii'', ''A. calcoaceticus'', and ''Acinetobacter'' genomic species 13TU). Members of the ACB complex are difficult to determine the specific species, and comprise the most clinically relevant members of the genus. ''A. baumannii'' has also been identified as an ESKAPE pathogen (''Enterococcus faecium,'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'', ''Acinetobacter baumannii'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and ''Enterobacter'' species), a group of pathogens with a high rate of antibiotic resistance that are responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections. Colloquially, ''A. baumannii'' is referred to as 'Iraqibacter' due to its seemingly sudden emergence in military treatment facilities during the Iraq War. It has continued to be an issue for veterans and soldiers who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. Multidrug-resistant ''A. baumannii'' has spread to civilian hospitals in part due to the transport of infected soldiers through multiple medical facilities.〔
==Virulence factors and determinants==
Many microbes, including ''A. baumannii'', have several properties that allow them to be more successful as pathogens. These properties may be virulence factors such as toxins or toxin delivery systems which directly affect the host cell. They may also be virulence determinants, which are qualities contributing to a microbe's fitness and allow it to survive the host environment, but that do not affect the host directly. These characteristics are just some of the known factors which make ''A. baumannii'' effective as a pathogen:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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